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Function and Structure of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Essay

Myoglobin consist of single polypeptide chain that made up of 153 amino acid and ahs a size of 18 kDa. Its three-dimensional structure was first determined by X-ray crystallography by John Kendrew in 1957. Myoglobin is a typical globular protein in that it is a highly folded compact structure with most of the hydrophobic amino acid residues buried in the interior and many of the polar residues on the surface. X-ray crystallography revealed that the single polypeptide chain of myoglobin consist of entirely of eight (labelled A-H) alpha-helical. Within a hydrophobic crevice formed by the folding polypeptide chain is the heme prosthetic group. This nonopolypepetide unit is noncovalently bound to myoglobin and is essential for the biological†¦show more content†¦One of these is to a histidine residue which lies eight residues along helix F of hemoglobin, the proximal hitidine (His F8). The sixth bond is to one of the oxygen atoms in a molecule of oxygen. Near to where the oxygen binds to the heme group is another histidine residue, the distal histidine (His E7). This serves two very important functions. First, preventing neightboring hemoglobin molecules coming into contact with one another and oxidizing to the Fe3+ state, cause no longer bind to oxygen. Sencond, lowering the affinity of the heme for CO by preventing carbon monoxide binding with the most favourable configuration to the Fe2+. This is important because the protein can no longer bind oxygen once CO has bound irreversibly to the heme,. Thus, although the oxygen binding site in hemoglobin and myglobin is only a small part of the whole protein, the polypeptide chain modulates the function of the heme prosthetic group. Hemoglobin can bind four molecules of oxygen due to its four-heme groups, whereas myoglobin can only bind to one oxygen. The kinetics of oxygen binding of hemoglobin and myoglobin are quite different. Myoglogin exhibit a hyperbolic oxygen binding curve and hemoglobin exhibit a sigmoidial oxygen binding curve. The sigmodial curve suggest the the cooperative exist in the hemolglobing oxygen bind mechanism. The initial binding of an oxygen molecule to a hemoglobin subunitShow MoreRelatedBiomolecules934 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 4: Protein Function Chapter 7, Voet, Voet amp; Pratt * Link between protein structure and physiological function * Focus on myoglobin and hemoglobin * Both proteins reversibly bind to O2 * Extremely well-studied examples of structure/function relationships * Behavior is a model for many other proteins, especially metabolic enzymes Learning Objectives * Compare myoglobin and hemoglobin * Structures * Properties * O2 binding characteristics Read MoreThe Effects Of Cardiovascular System On The Body2262 Words   |  10 PagesDetails One cell type that plays a crucial role, not just in Tetralogy of Fallot, but in the entire disorder of Down syndrome itself, is red blood cells, the most bountiful cell type in the blood of the body. Red blood cells are unique because their structure is profoundly different from most other cells in the human body. They have an absence three common cell characteristics; a nucleus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite the lack of these members of the cell, red blood cells areRead MoreNotes On Muscles Growth And Loss Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterials in human body, it plays a great role of human body, supporting not only external movement but also internal function, providing the force to help the organ s function, for example, cardiac muscle tissue pumps the blood through the heart, making the circulatory system works fluently in human body. Like the other collagen-based tissues which can evolve different hierarchical structures to meet their different mecha nical needs[1], the development of muscle tissues is analogous to this evolvementRead MoreEssay on Evolution From A Molecular Perspective3053 Words   |  13 Pagespoints. Hemoglobin: Comparisons between species nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of all the proteins in living things, hemoglobin is quot;the second most interesting substance in the world,quot; as American biochemist L. J. Henderson once stated (Hemoglobin, 4). However bold this statement seems, it must be realized that hemoglobin is, at least in the scientific world, by far the most studied and most discussed substance in the human body, as well as in other living organisms. Hemoglobin is the carrierRead MoreHemoglobin and Bloom S Category Essay12083 Words   |  49 Pagesdiaphragm e. gill arches; a diaphragm Answer: a Textbook Reference: Concept 37.2 Respiratory Systems Have Evolved to Maximize Partial Pressure Gradients Page: 733 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 22. Which of the following statements about the structure of the fish gill is false? a. Afferent vessels bring blood to the gills, whereas efferent vessels take blood away from the gills. b. Exchange of respiratory gases occurs within the lamellae of the gill filaments. c. The efferent and afferent vesselsRead MoreProteins and Their Functions639 Words   |  3 Pagesword protos which denotes the first rank of importance, in all biological systems we find macromolecules called proteins which range from as low as prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. Naturally proteins are complex in nature performing numerous functions that sustain life. Besides other polymers for instance nucleic acids, polysaccharides, or lipid assembles, proteins account for almost over 50% of the total dry weight of cells, They occupy the largest percentage in living cells both quantity andRead MoreThe Function Of Haemoglobin And Oxygen935 Words   |  4 Pagesred blood cell rich in iron. The major function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs. The haemoglobin and oxygen combination is called oxyhaemoglobin, Haemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced haemoglobin or deoxyhaemoglobin which has a high affinity for co2 (Marieb, 2014).for this reason oxy gen is bind to the oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs and carried through the blood stream to the tissues. Oxygen is then released to myoglobin (a red protein containing haem that carriesRead MoreA Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay979 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. This includes a range from a small decline in kidney function to a severe impairment. Furthermore, the acute condition is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. In addition, associated manifestation(s) may be displayed as a rise in serum creatinine or a reduction in urine output. As a result of increase of serum creatinine or decline in urine outputRead MoreHomeostatic Control : A Control System4000 Words   |  16 Pagesit sends information to the control center. The control center works out an appropriate response for the stimulus that has been detected. The control center s job is to send signals to the effector, which includes muscles, organs and other bodily structures that can receive signals from the control center. After they receive a signal from the control center of the body called negative feedback it reduces the activity of an organ or bodily system to its normal or functioning range . Homeostatic controlRead MoreThe Basic Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology6198 Words   |  25 PagesWeek 1 Chapter 1 1. What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? (p. 2) ANSWER: Anatomy (a-NAT-Ã… -mÄ“; ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the science of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology (fiz†²-Ä“-OL-Ã… -jÄ“; physio- = nature, -logy = study of) is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. 2. Define each of the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism. (p. 6) ANSWER: AtomUnit of matter that makes

Conflicts in Hills Like White Elephants - 1539 Words

Conflicts in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† The story begins with a man known as the â€Å"American† and his girlfriend sitting at a table outside of a train station. The station is surrounded by hills, trees, and fields in Spain. The couple is waiting for the next train to Madrid. Throughout the story there is an inner conflict with the girl as well as an external conflict between the girl and the American. They speak of an operation that must be done for them to be happy together. This couple is at a critical point in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. The train they are waiting for is an express train, which means once she gets on it there is no turning back. The girl views having the child as a blessing and†¦show more content†¦He tells her that she does not have to have the operation, but tells her it is the best thing to do. The girl begins to think, â€Å"And if I do it youll be happy and things will be okay like they were and youll love me† (Hemingway 107)? He r eassures her that he loves her now. Jig is more realistic about the situation and the consequences in front of her. She knows that she is going to make the ultimate decision, although she is asking for reassurance from the American(Short Stories for Students). The girl also knows that regardless of her situation, their relationship might not work out anyway. The choice to abort or not abort the baby ultimately leaves her with the same consequence: life without the American. The girl continues with â€Å"Then Ill do it. Because I dont care about me† (Hemingway 108). Saying she will do the operation in hopes of saving their relationship. â€Å"The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station†(Hemingway 108). She begins to look around at the scenery and wonder if they could really be happy after the operation. The man states that he does not want anyone but her, and he does not want anyone else because he knows it is perfectly simple (Hemingway 108), meaning that he does not want the baby, he only wants her. The girl then makes the American promise her to stop talking and changes the subject by ordering another beer. The waiter tells the couple that the train will beShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants Conflict Analysis795 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruct a conclusion towards the plot of any reading. Incidentally, the short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway exemplifies the cohesive idea of being concise w ith their chosen words. Author Ernest Hemingway, expresses the quarrel between the main characters about one life changing solution that leads the reader to imply the struggle they’re endearing. However, throughout any context, conflict can strongly influence the plot of the story through 3 main ways: man vs. man, man vsRead MoreConflict Between Two Characters : Hills Like White Elephants863 Words   |  4 PagesCause of Conflict Between Two Characters: Hills Like White Elephants In Hills Like White Elephants, Ernest Hemingway tells a vague yet concentrated story about a crisis in a couple’s relationship that is left open for the reader’s interpretation. The story opens at a Spanish train station, with a brief description of the scenery at the river Ebro and the white hills that lay behind it. An American couple have drinks at the bar while awaiting their train, bickering about seemingly nothing. The twoRead More Communicating Conflict in Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants 1262 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚   Ernest Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants touches on an issue as ageless as time: communication problems in a relationship. He tells his story through conversations between the two main characters, the American and the girl. Conflict is created through dialogue as these characters face what most readers believe to be the obstacle of an unexpected pregnancy. Their plight is further complicated by their inability to convey their differing opinions to each other. Symbolism andRead MoreVdcdc1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe White Elephant? Have you ever been forced to make a life altering decision? A decision where you much choose one option or the other? The short story Hills Like White Elephants depict a situation in which many, if not all readers can relate to at one point in their lives. The author Ernest Hemingway describes this scenario with a young couple who are at a crossroads in their life, and they are unsure of the future. The young couple are forced, but shying away from the rather large â€Å"white elephantRead Moreâ€Å"the Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† Regardless of the type of society people live in controversial topics and cowardly individuals can create conflict. The stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway implement this concept. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds an annual lottery in which the winner will be killed. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is the story of a couple’s discussion over the decision they must make of whether orRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Short Story ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway.1497 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the short story ‘Hills like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway. Word Count: 1367 Hills like White Elephants – Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Will Jig have the abortion and stay with the man; will Jig have the abortion and leave the man; or will Jig not have the abortion and win the man over to her point of view?† (Hashmi, N, 2003). These are the three different scenarios that have been seriously considered in Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. Ernest Hemingway is aRead MoreComparing The Lottery and Hills Like White Elephants Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesComparing â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson is a story based off of its point of view, the story would not be told or understood in the same way if it was written in a different point of view. This story keeps the interest of its readers because it has a point of view where only the people in the story know whats going to happen and know more information than the readers do. If this story was written in first person the readers would knowRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea885 Words   |  4 Pagesstories. Ernest Hemingway author of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and other works, such as, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† and â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† has made many accomplishments throughout his writing career. His novel â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953. Hemingway also received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Hemingway’s works are great examples of stories that displays the five stages of fiction. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† was published in 1927 in Hemingway’sRead More Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald1562 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald At first glance it seems that the two short stories â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† by F. Scott Fitzgerald have absolutely nothing in common other than being

Sample Midterm for Microeconomics free essay sample

The society would have to save more now than a society that did not emphasize the production of capital goods. C)The society will grow faster than a society that emphasizes the production of consumer goods. D)All of the above are correct. 2. The opportunity cost of attending college is likely to be highest for a high school graduate: A)who has access to student loans. B)whose family is extremely wealthy. C)who will attend a more expensive college. D)who started a successful business in high school. 3. Benny has one hour before bedtime and he can either watch TV or listen to his new Korn CD. He chooses to listen to the CD. The scarcity problems influence on Benny is seen in: A)a the decision to listen to music. B)the decision not to watch TV. C)the fixed amount of time before bed. D)the decision to choose between TV and music. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Midterm for Microeconomics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her baby-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is therefore: A)$7. B)$30. C)$37. D)$37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie. 5. When considering an economy producing only two goods, economic growth can be illustrated by: A)a movement along its production possibilities frontier. B)a movement of its production possibilities frontier toward the origin. C)moving to a point beneath its production possibilities frontier. D)an outward shift of its production possibilities frontier. 6. Normative economics reflect: A)societys laws. B)economic analysis based on facts and evidence. C)empirical and significant economic observations. D)subjective values. 7. Which one of the following statements does not characterize an economic model? A)Models are controlled experiments with the economy. B)Models should contain a set of stated assumptions. C)Models may very well omit some important economic relationships. D)Models may be an imprecise representation of the real world. 8. A basket of goods in 1987 cost $783, while the value of the same basket in 1997 was $1133. The value of this price index in 1997, based on 1987 = 100, was: A)144. 7. B)242. C)69. 1. D)117. 4. 9. If the weekly earnings index for the construction industry was 340 for 1987 (1970 = 100): A)workers in the construction industry earned $340 per week. B)they earned 340 per cent as much in 1987 as they did in 1970. C)workers earned $100 per week in 1970 and $340 in 1987. D)real weekly earnings fell by 3. 4 percent. 10. All of the following except one are true of economic theories or models. Which one is the exception? A)They attempt to establish cause and effect between economic variables. B)They always reflect reality. C)They are built with assumptions and then tested with facts. D)They are generalizations used to give context to our observations. 11. Why is there often disagreement amongst economists? A)Some who claim to be economists may not be sufficiently well trained. B)There is disagreement over what is, and what is not, a legitimate goal for society to try to achieve, possibly because some economists are left wing and others are right wing. C)The discipline is so wide and complex that no one person could be expected to cover the whole range of possible knowledge. D)There is truth in all of the above. 12. Other things equal, when the price of a good increases, we would expect: A)quantity demanded to increase. B)demand to decrease. C)supply to increase. D)quantity supplied to increase. 13. A negative relationship exists between changes in price and: A)quantity supplied. B)supply. C)quantity demanded. D)demand. Use the following to answer the next 6 questions: [pic] 14. In figure 3. , what are the implications if the price of this product is $8? A)The price would be above equilibrium. B)There would be a shortage of 300 units. C)There would be a shortage of 600 units. D)There would be a surplus of 300 units. 15. In figure 3. 4, if the price of the product is $8, how many units would be sold? A)400 units. B)500 units. C)600 units. D)800 units. 16. In figure 3. 4, what is the maximum price at which the quantity sold at a pric e of $8 could have been sold? A)$8. B)$10. C)$12. D)$14. 17. In figure 3. 4, what are the implications if the price of this product is $14? A)The price would be below equilibrium. B)There would be a shortage of 600 units. C)There would be a shortage of 1200 units. D)There would be a surplus of 600 units. 18. In figure 3. 4, if the price of the product is $14, how many units would be sold? A)400 units. B)600 units. C)800 units. D)1,000 units. 19. In figure 3. 4, what is the minimum price at which the quantity sold at a price of $14 could have been sold? A)$6. B)$8. C)$10. D)$12. 20. Which of the following pairs of goods are considered substitutes? A)Snowboards and wax. B)Coffee and muffins. C)Insulin and mouthwash. D)Margarine and butter. 1. Two goods are complements if: A)a decrease in the price of one causes more of the other to be consumed. B)they are consumed together. C)an increase in the price of one causes less of the other to be consumed. D)all of the above. 22. Suppose that the demand for widgets is price inelastic. We know that the numerical value for the price elasticity coefficient is: A)greater than one. B)eq ual to one. C)greater than zero but less than one. D)less than zero. 23. Farmers may be better off when there is a poor harvest because: A)the demand for agricultural products is inelastic. B)when demand is inelastic and supply decreases, the farmers total revenue increases. C)a small crop generates higher prices. D)all of the above. 24. If a good has a price elasticity of demand that is greater than one, then: A)demand is unit elastic and a change in price does not affect sellers revenue. B)demand is elastic and a change in price causes sellers revenue to change in the opposite direction. C)demand is inelastic and a change in price causes sellers revenue to change in the same direction. D)quantity demanded is not very sensitive to price changes. 25. Total revenue received by the seller of a good increases if: A)demand for the good is inelastic and the seller raises the goods price. B)demand for the good is unitary elastic and the seller lowers the price. C)demand for the good is elastic and the seller lowers the price. D)A and C above. 26. A good is more likely to exhibit an elastic demand: A)the shorter the time period in which people have to adjust to any price change. B)the less elastic is the demand for any complementary goods. C)the lower the price of the good relative to other goods. D)the more people consider the good a luxury. 27. When two goods are complementary, the cross-price elasticity of demand: A)is positive. B)equals zero. C)is negative. D)may be either positive or negative. 28. If the number of apples sold falls from 700 to 500 when the price of oranges falls from $5 to $4 per bushel, the (arc) cross-price elasticity is: A)1. 5. B)-1. 56. C)1. 8. D)-1. 75. 29. If a good is a luxury, its income elasticity of demand is: A)positive and less than 1. B)negative but greater than -1. C)positive and greater than 1. D)zero. 30. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of an inferior good? A)The price elasticity of demand may be greater than one or less than one. B)The income elasticity of demand is negative. C)The income elasticity of demand is between zero and one. D)The demand for the good increases as income falls. 31. Income elasticity of demand allows us to distinguish between different kinds of goods since: A)normal goods have a positive income elasticity. B)inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. C)luxury goods have an income elasticity greater than one. D)all of the above. 32. If the supply curve of wheat is vertical, then: A)quantity supplied is not sensitive to price. B)the elasticity of supply is zero. C)we are in the very short run. D)all of the above are correct. 33. Supposing that cigarette smokers demand is more price insensitive than the cigarette manufacturers supply, this means that tax incidence is: A)borne entirely by the manufacturers. B)borne entirely by the consumers. C)borne more by the manufacturers. D)borne more by the consumers. 34. If the government puts a $2 per unit tax on a product and as a result, price rises by $0. 75, which of the following statements is correct? A)The sellers pay more of the tax than the buyers. B)The buyers pay more of the tax than the sellers. C)The governments tax revenue falls. D)The quantity demanded of the product falls by 37. 5%. 35. If the government increases the excise tax on cigarettes by 10%, which of the following statements is correct? A)The governments tax revenue will fall since the demand for cigarettes is inelastic. B)The quantity demanded of cigarettes will fall by more than 10% because the demand is inelastic. C)Both the quantity demanded and supplied of cigarettes will fall by more than 10% because the demand is inelastic. D)The governments tax revenue could decrease if the increased tax resulted in a significant increase in the sale of illegal cigarettes. 36. You wait in line to buy a ticket for a show and are fortunate to buy the last ticket for $65. The lady behind you offers to buy the ticket for $100 but you refuse. We can conclude that the value you place on the show is: A)less than $65. B)$65. C)$100. D)at least $100. 37. After a price ceiling is imposed, the total economic surplus in that market will: A)rise. B)remain unchanged. C)fall. D)be reallocated from consumers to producers. 38. After a price floor is imposed, the total economic surplus in that market will: A)be reallocated from producers to consumers. B)remain unchanged. C)rise. D)fall. 39. Which of the following statements best characterizes the inefficiency induced by a price ceiling? A)Trades that would have occurred in an unregulated market arent made. B)The extra benefit from the last unit consumed is less than the extra cost. C)The enforcement of the price ceiling is extremely costly. D)Producers are encouraged to produce too much. 40. The reduction in the total economics surplus due to any market constraint policy is: A)producer surplus. B)deadweight loss. C)total economic surplus. D)consumer surplus. 41. In general, a $1 tax place on each unit a producer sells will be: A)entirely borne by the producers. B)split 50/50 between producers and consumers. C)entirely borne by the consumers. D)shared between producers and consumers. Use the following to answer the next 6 questions: [pic] 42. Referring to figure 5. 3, if the original equilibrium is at C, then an increase in the cost of production implies: A)S shifts so S, resulting in an increase in consumer surplus. B)S shifts to S resulting in a decrease in consumer surplus. C)S shifts to S, resulting in a decrease in consumer surplus. D)S shifts to S, resulting in an increase in producer surplus. 43. Referring to figure 5. 3, suppose that the shift in supply from S to S represents a tax being imposed in this market, then at the new equilibrium the per unit amount of the tax is represented by: A)OG. B)OA. C)HJ. D)EG. 44. Referring to figure 5. 3, if S represents the tax-inclusive supply curve, then the amount of tax revenue raised by this tax is equal to the area: A)EGJCI. B)AGJH. C)EAHI. D)EGJI. 45. Referring to figure 5. , the increase in price due to the tax is given by: A)EA. B)AG. C)HJ. D)OE. 46. Referring to figure 5. 3, after the imposition of a tax, the decrease in price obtained by the supplier is: A)GL. B)GK. C)EG. D)AG. 47. Referring to figure 5. 3, as a result of a tax being imposed, the total benefit of the trades that do not occur is represented by: A)JFBC. B)IFBC. C)MOFI. D)MOBC. 48. A market failure/inefficiency exists when: A)the price e stablished in the market equals the marginal cost of production. B)resources are optimally allocated. C)the price established in the market does not equate the marginal social benefit of a good and the marginal social cost of production. D)competitive markets clearing price equals both the marginal social cost and marginal social benefits. 49. When economists describe a good as being under-priced, they mean that: A)output should be increased because the marginal social benefit in consumption exceeds the marginal social cost of production. B)too much of the good is being produced since there is a negative externality associated with the good. C)resources are properly allocated since society wants more of the good at a lower price. D)there is an under-allocation of resources in the production of the good. 50. In a market economy, the ideal solution to the problem of externalities is to: A)prohibit all production involving spillover costs. B)regulate both the amount people may consume and the price they pay for goods whose production involves spillover costs. C)charge or tax producers of a good the precise marginal cost of the externality generated in production. D)allow producers to produce the output level where both the marginal private benefit and the marginal private cost equal the price.